| Framework |
Language |
Primary Use |
Key Features |
Best For |
| PyTorch |
Python, C++ |
Research, training, inference | Dynamic computation graph, intuitive debugging, active community | Researchers, startups, CV/NLP developers |
| TensorFlow |
Python, C++ |
Training, deployment, cross-platform | Static & dynamic graphs, strong deployment tools (TF Lite, TF Serving) | Enterprises, production environments |
| JAX |
Python |
Mathematical modeling, research, performance | High-performance autodiff, NumPy-like syntax, great on TPU/GPU | Researchers, performance-focused developers |
| MindSpore |
Python | AI training & deployment | Developed by Huawei, supports edge-cloud collaboration |
Chinese developers, Huawei ecosystem |
| MXNet |
Python, Scala, C++ | Deep learning, autodiff | Lightweight, distributed training, AWS support |
Developers interested in Gluon API |
| Keras |
Python |
Prototyping, beginner-friendly modeling | High-level API (on TensorFlow backend), simple and fast | Beginners, quick experimentation |
| PaddlePaddle |
Python |
Industrial AI | Developed by Baidu, optimized for Chinese NLP, supports distributed training | Chinese-language AI apps, domestic users |
| ONNX |
N/A (Model format) |
Model interoperability | Standardized format, works across PyTorch, TensorFlow, etc. | Model deployment, framework switching |
| Fastai |
Python |
Rapid experimentation, education | High-level wrapper over PyTorch, clean API | Students, educators, fast prototyping |
| Detectron2 |
Python |
Computer vision tasks | Open-sourced by Meta (Facebook), state-of-the-art detection/segmentation models | CV researchers and practitioners |
| Transformers (Hugging Face) |
Python |
Pretrained NLP models | Huge model zoo (BERT, GPT, LLaMA, etc.), easy to use | NLP developers and fine-tuning enthusiasts |